Toll like receptors can recognize exogenous microbes and trigger a series of signal transduction, which will promote the release of inflammatory medium and initiate innate immunity. Currently, more than ten TLR family members have been found, the TLR2 is the most abundant one. It is widely distributed in monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, epithelial cells and tumor cells. The pathogenic microorganisms TLR2 recognizes are much more than other members in TLR family. As TLR2 plays a key role in innate immunity, it has great theoretical and practical significance for research of immunity. Consequently, the Cloud-Clone Corp. develops a series of testing tools, including t......2014-11-08

Hi, everybody, I am High Mobility Group protein B1 (HMGB1). My family contains three brothers---HMGB2 , HMGB3 and I. I am the big brother as I am the most widely distributed and abundant one. Though we look like each other in many ways, we are different. After a solemn presentation, now I will introduce myself more concretely. I once lived in the 13q12 chromosome (eg: human), then I grow up and become a non-histone protein which is located in the nucleus. When the cell is infected or physically injured, I will no longer stay leisurely and loosely, I will tightly bind to the DNA and be secreted out of the cell to send a signal to the immune system for repairing. This is how I induce th......2014-11-08

cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is derived from ATP (adenosine triphosphate), it plays critical roles in multiple organisms：it is invovled in intracellular signal transduction and it acts as an important second messenger in various biological processes. For example, cAMP mediates the hormon effects of transferring glucagon and adrenaline. Morevoer, it can bind to ion channels, and regulate the function of the channels, such as HCN and so on. The structure of cAMP is shown as follows: Figure 1. Structure of cAM cAMP plays several biological roles in multiple organisms. In eukaryotes,,cAMP and its associated kinases function through activating protein kinase A (PKA, or cAMP-d......2014-11-08

The remarkable 2014 Novel Prize was announce, scientists from America and German, Eric Bezig, Stefan W. Hell and W. E. Moerner had won the chemistry prize, for their enormous contributions in microscopy, they had used fluorescent molecules in microscopy to break the physical limit (0.2 micrometer) of optical microscopy filed which was defined in 1873, and the limit of this field had been brought to the level of nanometer by this work. One main research of this prize is single-molecule fluorescent microspogy, which is researched by Eric Betzig and W. E. Moerner. This technique had been used in several research fields, including biological field. For instance, it has been applied in res......2014-11-08

Recently, apoptosis is a heated spot in biological and medical research fields, because it plays key roles in embryogenesis, morphogenesis, tissue homeostasis, body defense and immune response, cellular damage caused by diseases or toxicosis, aging, development of tumors and so on. Abnormal apoptosis is related to many diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke and cancer, etc. In general, apoptosis means a series of processes of programmed cell death (PCD), it is precisely controlled by the regulation of certain intracellular molecules (including apoptosis-related genes and their metabolites), and these processes will promote adaptation to the environment and maintain homeosta......2014-11-08

Diabetes (diabetes mellitus) is a metabolic disease that is characterized by hyperglycemia. Due to long-term high blood sugar in diabetic patients, this syndrome is prone to cause a variety of complications. Then leading to chronic damage and dysfunction in multiple organizations, especially in the eye, kidney, heart, blood vessel, nerve and other tissues. Therefore, treatment and control of diabetes has become one of the hot spots of medical field. As increasing studies on the mechanism of diabetes in the pathogenesis, an amazing molecule that can control blood sugar slowly opened its mysterious veil until 1987. Researchers have found that gastrointestinal endocrine cells will produc......2014-11-08